Understanding the Types of Sleep Disorder

A sleep disorder refers to problems associated with the regular sleep-wake cycle. This can present itself in terms of the quality of sleep or amount of sleep, or the ability to function properly during the day. Sleep disorders are often linked to other medical or mental health conditions such as anxiety and depression. 

A sleep disorder is generally characterised by the following;

• Difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep
• Spending long periods of the night awake
• Early waking or issues with the sleep-wake cycle
• Unusual nocturnal behaviours such as sleep walking
• Difficulty staying awake
• Feel tired all day but unable to sleep at night 

Here is a list of the five common types of sleep disorders;

1) Insomnia 

Insomnia refers to issues getting to sleep and staying asleep for much of the night. Insomniacs rarely feel refreshed in the morning. It’s a common problem and may affect people occasionally or regularly. Persistent insomnia can affect your quality of life. 

What causes insomnia? 

Insomnia can be triggered by the following;

• Jet lag
• Night shift work
• Mental health conditions
• Health conditions such as chronic pain
• Hormonal changes (PMS)
• Stress and anxiety
• Medications
• Caffeine and alcohol 

2) Sleep apnea and snoring

Snoring occurs when the throat relaxes and partially closes the airway, which then vibrates as the person breathes. It can be very loud. This reduces the quality of sleep for the snorer, and usually, the person who has to share a room with them. 

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is more serious, causing irregular breathing that can stop for 10 seconds at a time, resulting in low blood oxygen and very bad quality sleep. Seek urgent medical advice if you suspect you have sleep apnea. 

What causes snoring and sleep apnea?

• Nasal congestion
• Obesity
• Sleep position - especially lying on the back
• Alcohol
• Head and neck anatomy
• Ageing
• Hypothyroidism 

3) Narcolepsy 

Narcolepsy refers to an inverted sleep-wake cycle where sufferers experience excessive daytime sleepiness or fall asleep suddenly at inappropriate times. There are two types of this condition.

What are the different types and what causes narcolepsy?

• Type 1 is linked to low levels of hypocretin in the brain and cataplexy, which is a sudden loss of muscle tone in response to a strong emotion such as shock or surprise. 
• Type 2 is linked to sleep paralysis, which means that a person is unable to move or talk on waking but remain fully alert, and hypnagogic hallucinations which are dreams, often scary, that occur when a person is falling asleep but alert.

4) Parasomnias

Parasomnias refers to unusual behaviour during sleep, such as sleep walking or talking, or nightmares and night terrors, which tend to occur during the specific sleep stages between sleep and wakefulness. This includes bedwetting, sleep-related eating disorders and sexual behaviour, and sleep paralysis.

What causes parasomnias?

• Stress and anxiety
• Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
• Neurological conditions such as Parkinson’s and dementia
• Other sleep disorders
• Certain medications
• Depression 

5) Restless legs syndrome

RLS is more common in women and symptoms can worsen with age. It can present with sensations of aching, burning, tingling, crawling or as an uncontrollable urge to move the legs and can happen in the evenings, as a person is falling asleep or asleep. 

What causes restless legs syndrome?

Common causes of RLS include;

• Pregnancy
• Obesity
• Iron deficiency
• Stimulants - such as caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol
• Certain medications 

While most sleep disorders can be self-diagnosed, a polysomnogram - or sleep study - is usually performed at a sleep clinic. It involves the measurement of blood oxygen levels, brain activity, heart rate, breathing rate, eye and leg movement during sleep, and can be used to diagnose a sleep disorder. 

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